The majority of HBCUs were founded as private institutions until 1890 when the passage of the second Land-Grant Act required states to open their land-grant institutions to black students or allocate funding to black institutions that could serve as alternatives to white institutions. This resulted in 16 new HBCUs open only to people of color, most of them public institutions. The federal government’s Freedmen’s Bureau, black churches, and the American Missionary Association founded many of the additional institutions that would later become HBCUs.